Manufacturing Industry Software Directory @ eIT.in

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Content derived from Wikipedia content on Computer Aided Manufacturing Software

Category:Computer-aided manufacturing software

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Articles related to computer-aided manufacturing software.

Pages in category Computer-aided manufacturing software

There are 10 pages in this section of this category.

CATIA

Depocam

Edgecam

List of CAM companies

Machining STRATEGIST

NX (Unigraphics)

OneCNC

Pro/ENGINEER

Robert C. Byrd Institute

Tecnomatix

End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer-aided_manufacturing_software

Content derived from Wikipedia article on Computer Aided Manufacturing

Computer-aided manufacturing

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of a wide range of Product Lifecycle Management computer-based software tools that assist engineers, in the manufacture of product components. 3D models of components generated in CAD software are used to generate CNC code to drive numerical controled machine tools. This involves the engineer in selecting what type of tool, machining process and paths that are to be used.

Contents

1 Overview

2 History

3 Machining process

4 Software providers today

5 Areas of usage

6 See also

7 External links

Overview

Sometimes the CAM software is integrated with the CAD system, but not always. Every piece of CAM software must first solve the problem of CAD data exchange where in the CAD system which is producing the data often stores it in its own proprietary format, much as is the case with word processor software. Usually it is necessary to force the CAD operator to export the data in one of the common data formats, such as IGES or STL, that are supported by a wide variety of software. The output from the CAM software is usually a simple text file of G-code, sometimes many thousands of commands long, that is then transferred to a machine tool using a direct numerical control (DNC) program.

While it has long been the dream to make the CAM software that can run on its own, it generally requires a human operator with much knowledge and skill of machining to select the Milling cutters and define the necessary parameters and strategies that will generate an effective tool path.

History

The first commercial applications of CAM were in large companies in the automotive and aerospace industries for example UNISURF in 1971 at Renault (Bezier) for car body design and tooling.

Machining process

Most machining progresses through three stages, each of which is implemented by a variety of basic and sophisticated strategies, depending on the material and the software available. The stages are:

Roughing

This process begins with a cuboid block of stock or a billet, and cuts it very roughly to shape of the final model. Often the result gives the appearance of terraces, because the strategy has taken advantage of the ability to cut the model horizontally. Common strategies are zig-zag clearing, offset clearing, plunge roughing, rest-roughing.

Semi-finishing

This process begins with a roughed part that unevenly approximates the model and cuts to within a fixed offset distance from the model. Common strategies are raster passes, waterline passes, constant step-over passes, pencil milling.

Finishing

In many ways similar to semi-finishing, but different in terms of what it starts from.

Software providers today

The largest CAM software companies (by revenue 2005) are UGS Corp and Dassault Systèmes, both with over 10% of the market; PTC, Hitachi Zosen and Delcam have over 5% each; while Planit, Tebis, Missler, CNC (Mastercam), ESPRIT and Sescoi between 2.5% and 5% each. The remaining 35% is accounted for by other niche suppliers like OneCNC.

Areas of usage

In mechanical engineering

In electronic design automation, CAM tools prepare printed circuit board (PCB) and integrated circuit design data for manufacturing.

See also

CIM Computer Integrated Manufacturing

DNC Direct Numerical Control

FMS Flexible Manufacturing System

ICAM Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing

MPM Manufacturing Process Management

Category:Computer-aided manufacturing software

List of CAD companies

List of CAM companies

External links

DP Technology, D.P. Technology, Developers of Esprit and Esprit Mold CAM systems.

CAD/CAM Overview Online Tutorial– from Tooling University, you can register and take this class for free.

What is CNC? – By Mike Lynch

Training Materials For CNC

Open Source CNC Milling - GNU Computer Aided Manufacturing (GCAM)

cam-occ, a linux CAM program using OpenCASCADE

OneCNC CAD/CAM, OneCNC, Developers of Mill Lathe Wire EDM CAM systems.

Metalworking:

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CNC, CAD, and CAM:

2.5D | CAD | CAE | CAM | CNC | G-code | Numerical control | Stewart platform

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Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing

Categories: CNC, CAD, and CAM | Manufacturing | Information technology management | Product Lifecycle Management | Computer-aided design

End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing

Content derived from Wikipedia article on CNC, CAD & CAM

Category:CNC, CAD, and CAM

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A category for Computer-aided manufacturing, Computer-aided design, Computer Numerical Control software.

Subcategories

There is one subcategory to this category shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages).

[+] Computer-aided design

Pages in category CNC, CAD, and CAM

There are 18 pages in this section of this category.

2.5D

ArchiCAD

AutoCAD

CAD/CAM

CNC

Computer-aided engineering

C cont.

Computer-aided manufacturing

Coordinate-measuring machine

G-code

Microstation

Numerical control

Pencil milling

PowerCADD

Robert C. Byrd Institute

Robocrane

SagCAD

Stewart platform

VectorWorks

Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CNC%2C_CAD%2C_and_CAM

End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CNC%2C_CAD%2C_and_CAM

Content derived from Wikipedia article on Product Lifecycle Management

Category:Product Lifecycle Management

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

PLM - Product Lifecycle Management is the term used to group all the methodologies and software tools required by an organization in the development of products. See also: Product life cycle management

The main article for this category is Product Lifecycle Management.

Subcategories

There is one subcategory to this category shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages).

[+] Computer-aided design

Pages in category Product Lifecycle Management

There are 34 pages in this section of this category.

CAD data exchange

CAD standards

CATIA

CAx

Collaborative Product Development

Computer Integrated Manufacturing

Computer-aided engineering

Computer-aided industrial design

Computer-aided manufacturing

Computer-aided quality

Computerized Maintenance Management System

DELMIA

Dassault Systemes

Digital mockup

Enterprise Data Management

Finite element analysis

Information Quality Management

JT (visualization format)

Maintenance, repair and operations

Manufacturing Process Management

NX (Unigraphics)

Product Data Management

Product Manufacturing Information

P cont.

Product Structure Modeling

Product lifecycle management

Product visualization

Project management

Project management in the building process chain

Requirements management

SDRC

Software project management

Tecnomatix

UGS Corp.

UGS Teamcenter

Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Product_Lifecycle_Management

End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Product_Lifecycle_Management

Content derived from Wikipedia article on Computer Aided Design

Computer-aided design

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of a wide range of computer-based tools that assist engineers, architects and other design professionals in their design activities. It is the main geometry authoring tool within the Product Lifecycle Management process and involves both software and sometimes special-purpose hardware. Current packages range from 2D vector based drafting systems to 3D solid and surface modellers.

CAD is sometimes translated as computer-assisted, computer-aided drafting, or a similar phrase. Related acronyms are CADD, which stands for computer-aided design and drafting, CAID for Computer-aided Industrial Design and CAAD, for computer-aided architectural design. All these terms are essentially synonymous, but there are some subtle differences in meaning and application.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 History

3 Software providers today

3.1 Capabilities

4 Software technologies

5 Hardware and OS technologies

6 The CAD operator

7 See also

7.1 Other related topics

8 External links

Introduction

CAD is used to design and develop products, which can be goods used by end consumers or intermediate goods used in other products. CAD is also extensively used in the design of tools and machinery used in the manufacture of components. CAD is also used in the drafting and design of all types of buildings, from small residential types (houses) to the largest commercial and industrial types (hospitals and factories).

CAD is mainly used for detailed engineering of 3D models and/or 2D drawings of physical components, but it is also used throughout the engineering process from conceptual design and layout of products, through strength and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition of manufacturing methods of components.

History

Designers have long used computers for their calculations. Initial developments were carried out in the 1960s within the aircraft and automotive industries in the area of 3D surface construction and NC programming, most of it independent of one another and often not publicly published until much later. Some of the mathematical description work on curves was developed in the early 1940s by Isaac Jacob Schoenberg, Apalatequi (Douglas Aircraft) and Roy Liming (North American Aircraft), however probably the most important work on polynomial curves and sculptured surface was done by Pierre Bezier (Renault), Paul de Casteljau (Citroen), Steven Anson Coons (MIT, Ford), James Ferguson (Boeing), Carl de Boor (GM), Birkhoff (GM) and Garabedian (GM) in the 1960s and W. Gordon (GM) and R. Riesenfeld in the 1970s.

It is argued that a turning point was the development of SKETCHPAD system in MIT in 1963 by Ivan Sutherland (who later created a graphics technology company with Dr. David Evans). The distinctive feature of SKETCHPAD was that it allowed the designer to interact with computer graphically: the design can be fed into the computer by drawing on a CRT monitor with a light pen. Effectively, it was a prototype of graphical user interface, an indispensable feature of modern CAD.

First commercial applications of CAD were in large companies in the automotive and aerospace industries, as well as in electronics. Only large corporations could afford the computers capable of performing the calculations. Notable company projects were at GM (Dr. Patrick J.Hanratty) with DAC-1 (Design Augmented by Computer) 1964; Lockhead projects; Bell GRAPHIC 1 and at Renault (Bezier) – UNISURF 1971 car body design and tooling.

The most influential event in the development of CAD was the founding of MCS (Manufacturing and Consulting Services Inc.) in 1971 by Dr. P. J. Hanratty, who wrote the system ADAM (Automated Drafting And Machining) but more importantly supplied code to companies such as McDonnell Douglas (Unigraphics), Computervision (CADDS), Calma, Gerber, Autotrol and Control Data.

As computers became more affordable, the application areas have gradually expanded. The development of CAD software for personal desk-top computers was the impetus for almost universal application in all areas of construction.

Other key points in the 1960s and 1970s would be the foundation of CAD systems United Computing, Intergraph, IBM, Intergraph IGDS in 1974 (which led to Bentley MicroStation in 1984)

CAD implementations have evolved dramatically since then. Initially, with 2D in the 1970s, it was typically limited to producing drawings similar to hand-drafted drawings. Advances in programming and computer hardware, notably solid modelling in the 1980s, have allowed more versatile applications of computers in design activities. Key product for 1981 were the solid modelling packages - Romulus (ShapeData) and Uni-Solid (Unigraphics) based on PADL-2 and the release of the surface modeler CATIA (Dassault Systemes). Autodesk was founded 1982 by John Walker, which led to the 2D system AutoCAD. The next milestone was the release of Pro/Engineer in 1988, which heralded greater usage of feature based modeling methods. Also of importance to the development of CAD was the development of the B-rep solid modeling kernels (engines for manipulating geometrically and topologically consistent 3D objects) Parasolid (ShapeData) and ACIS (Spatial Technology Inc.) at the end of the 1980s beginning of the 1990s, both inspired by the work of Ian Braid. This led to the release of mid-range packages such as SolidWorks in 1995 SolidEdge (Intergraph) in 1996 and IronCAD in 1998.

Starting the late 1980's, the development of readily affordable CAD programs that could be run on personal computers began a trend of massive downsizing in drafting departments in many small to mid-size companies. As a general rule, one CAD operator could readily replace at least four or five drafters using traditional methods. Additionally, many engineers began to do their own drafting work, further eliminating the need for traditional drafting departments. This trend mirrored that of the elimination of many office jobs traditionally performed by a secretary as word processors, spreadsheets, databases, etc became standard software packages that everyone was expected to learn.

Today CAD is not limited to drafting and rendering, and it ventures into many more intellectual areas of a designer's expertise. Computer aided design is used in many businesses and organizations around the world.

Software providers today

This is an ever changing industry with many well known products and companies being taken over and merged with others. There are many CAD software products currently on the market. More than half of the market is however covered by the four main PLM corporations Autodesk, Dassault Systemes, PTC, and UGS Corp., but there are many other CAD packages with smaller user bases or covering niche user areas. See also list of free and open-source CAD software.

Packages can be classified into three types: 2D drafting systems (e.g. AutoCAD, Microstation,CADopia); mid-range 3D solid feature modellers (e.g. Inventor, SolidWorks, SolidEdge, Alibre Design, VariCAD); and high-end 3D hybrid systems (e.g. Pro/ENGINEER, CATIA, NX (Unigraphics)). However these classifications cannot be applied too strictly as many 2D systems have 3D modules, the mid-range systems are increasing their surface functionality, and the high-end systems have developed their user interface in the direction of interactive Windows systems.

Capabilities

The capabilities of modern CAD systems include:

Wireframe geometry creation

3D parametric feature based modelling, Solid modelling

Freeform surface modelling

Automated design of assemblies, which are collections of parts and/or other assemblies

create Engineering drawings from the solid models

Reuse of design components

Ease of modification of design of model and the production of multiple versions

Automatic generation of standard components of the design

Validation/verification of designs against specifications and design rules

Simulation of designs without building a physical prototype

Output of engineering documentation, such as manufacturing drawings, and Bills of Materials to reflect the BOM required to build the product

Import/Export routines to exchange data with other software packages

Output of design data directly to manufacturing facilities

Output directly to a Rapid Prototyping or Rapid Manufacture Machine for industrial prototypes

maintain libraries of parts and assemblies

calculate mass properties of parts and assemblies

aid visualization with shading, rotating, hidden line removal, etc...

Bi-directional parametric association (modification of any feature is reflected in all information relying on that feature; drawings, mass properties, assemblies, etc... and counter wise)

kinematics, interference and clearance checking of assemblies

sheet metal

hose/cable routing

electrical component packaging

inclusion of programming code in a model to control and relate desired attributes of the model

Programmable design studies and optimization

Sophisticated visual analysis routines, for draft, curvature, curvature continuity...

Software technologies

Originally software for CAD systems were developed with computer language such as Fortran, but with the advancement of object-oriented programming methods this has radically changed. The development of a typical modern parametric feature based modeler and freeform surface systems are built around a number of key, C programming language, modules with their own APIs. A CAD system can be seen as built up from the interaction a graphical user NURBS geometry via a geometric modeling kernel.

A CAD model of a mouse

Hardware and OS technologies

Today most CAD computer workstations are Windows based PCs; some CAD systems also run on hardware running with one of the Unix operating systems and a few with Linux. Generally no special hardware is required with the exception of a high end OpenGL based Graphics card; however for complex product design, machines with high speed (and possibly multiple) CPUs and large amounts of RAM are recommended. The human-machine interface is generally via a computer mouse but can also be via a pen and digitizing graphics tablet. Manipulation of the view of the model on the screen is also sometimes done with the use of a spacemouse/spaceball. Some systems also support stereoscopic glasses for viewing the 3D model.

The CAD operator

Each of the different types of CAD systems requires the operator to think differently about how he will use them and he must design his virtual components in a different manner for each.

An example of a CAD engineering drawingThere are many producers of the lower end 2D systems, including a number of free and open source programs. These provide an approach to the drawing process without all the fuss over scale and placement on the drawing sheet that accompanied hand drafting, since these can be adjusted as required during the creation of the final draft.

3D wireframe is basically an extension of 2D drafting. Each line has to be manually inserted into the drawing. The final product has no mass properties associated with it and cannot have features directly added to it (ex., holes). The operator approaches these in a similar fashion to the 2D systems, although many 3D systems allow you to use the wireframe model to make the final engineering drawing views.

3D dumb solids (programs incorporating this technology include AutoCAD and Cadkey 19) are created in a very similar fashion to the way you would create the real world object. Each object and feature, after creation, is what it is. If the operator wants to change it, he has to add material to it, subtract it from it, or delete the object or feature and start over. Due to this, it doesn't matter how the initial operator creates his components, as long as the final product is represented correctly. If future modifications are to be made, the method used to make the original part will not, in most cases, affect the procedure used to make the new modifications. Draft views are able to be generated easily from the models. Assemblies generally don't include tools to easily allow motion of components, set limits to their motion, or identify interference between components.

3D parametric solids (programs incorporating this technology include IronCAD, Alibre Design, SolidWorks, and Solid Edge) require the operator to use what is referred to as design intent. The objects and features created are adjustable. Any future modifications will be simple, difficult, or nearly impossible, depending on how the original part was created. One must think of this as being a perfect world representation of the component. If a feature was intended to be located off of the center of the part, the operator needs to locate it off of the center of the model, not, perhaps, off of a more convenient edge or an arbitrary point, as he could when using dumb solids. Parametric solids require the operator to consider the consequences of his actions carefully. What may be simplest today could be worst case tomorrow. Draft views are able to be generated easily from the models. Assemblies usually incorporate tools to represent the motions of components, set their limits, and identify interference. The tool kits available for these systems are ever increasing, including 3D piping and injection mold designing packages.

Mid range software was integrating parametric solids more easily to the end user: integrating more intuitive functions (SketchUp), going to the best of both worlds with 3D dumb solids with parametric characteristics (VectorWorks) or making very real-view scenes in relative few steps (Cinema4D).

Top end systems offer the capabilities to incorporate more organic and ergonomic features into your designs. Surfaces are often combined with solids to allow the designer to create products that fit the human form as well as they interface with the machine.

The CAD operator's ultimate goal should be to make future work on the current project as simple as possible. This requires a solid understanding of the system being used. A little extra time spent now could mean a great savings later.

Other related topics

Building Information Modeling

Raster to vector

Computer graphics

Computer representation of surfaces

List of CAD companies

CAD standards

ISO 13567

UniClass

New product development

Category:Computer-aided design software

Category:Computer-aided manufacturing software

Category:Computer-aided engineering software

Category:Free computer-aided design software

Category:CAD file formats

External links

Computer-aided design at the Open Directory Project

CAD Newsgroups

Cad Conversion Services

Metalworking:

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CNC, CAD, and CAM:

2.5D | CAD | CAE | CAM | CNC | G-code | Numerical control | Stewart platform

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End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design

Web Resources for Manufacturing Industry Software

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