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Content derived from Wikipedia article on Scripting Language

Scripting language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Scripting languages (commonly called scripting programming languages or script languages) are computer programming languages that are typically interpreted and can be typed directly from a keyboard. Thus, scripts are often distinguished from programs, because programs are converted permanently into binary executable files (i.e., zeros and ones) before they are run. Scripts remain in their original form and are interpreted command-by-command each time they are run.[1][2] Scripts were created to shorten the traditional edit-compile-link-run process. The name comes from a written script such as a screenplay, where dialog is repeated verbatim for every performance. Early script languages were often called batch languages or job control languages. Scripting languages can also be compiled, but because interpreters are simpler to write than compilers, they are interpreted more often than they are compiled.

The term scripting language is not technical, though embedding and dependence on a larger system are usually criteria. In computer games, scripts extend game logic, tailoring the game engine to particular game data. Scripts also make applications programmable from within, so that repetitive tasks can be quickly automated. Of course, not every scripting system that grows beyond its original design and delegation acquires a new name. Full-blown in-game languages such as UnrealScript exist, and JavaScript is a very influential standard, supported by virtually every browser on the market.

Contents

1 Description

2 Types of scripting languages

2.1 Job control languages and shells

2.2 GUI Scripting

2.3 Application-specific languages

2.4 Web programming languages

2.5 Text processing languages

2.6 General-purpose dynamic languages

2.7 Extension/embeddable languages

2.8 Others

3 See also

4 External links

Description

Computer languages are created for varying purposes and tasks — different kinds and styles of programming. One common programming task is known as scripting, or connecting diverse pre-existing components to accomplish a new related task. Those languages which are suited to scripting are typically called scripting languages. Many languages for this purpose have common properties: they favor rapid development over efficiency of execution; they are normally implemented with interpreters rather than compilers; and they are strong at communicating with program components written in other languages.

Many scripting languages emerged as tools for executing one-off tasks, particularly in system administration. One way of looking at scripts is as "glue" that puts several components together; thus they are widely used for creating graphical user interfaces or executing a series of commands that might otherwise have to be entered interactively through keyboard at the command prompt. The operating system usually offers some type of scripting language by default, widely known as a shell script language.

Other scripting languages are oriented toward empowering end users to write and debug short, simple, and possibly domain-specific programs. The primary aim of the scripting language would be to insulate the user from the intricacies of more formal development and from usage of programming tools developed for an entirely different class of developer. Another aim of the scripting language would simply to make it easy for a user with domain knowledge (an engineer, statistician, economist, etc.) to accomplish given tasks.

Scripts are typically stored only in their plain text form (as ASCII) and interpreted, or compiled each time prior to being invoked.

Some scripting languages are designed for a specific domain, but often it is possible to write more general programs in that language. In many large-scale projects, a scripting language and a lower level programming language are used together, each lending its particular strengths to solve specific problems. Scripting languages are often designed for interactive use, having many commands that can execute individually, and often have very high level operations (for example, in the classic UNIX shell (sh), most operations are programs themselves).

Such high level commands simplify the process of writing code. Programming features such as automatic memory management and bounds checking can be taken for granted. In a 'lower level' or non-scripting language, managing memory and variables, and creating data structures tends to consume more programmer effort and lines of code to complete a given task. In some situations this is well worth it for the resulting fine-grained control. The scripter typically has less flexibility to optimize a program for speed or to conserve memory.

For the reasons noted above, it is usually faster to program in a scripting language, and script files are typically much smaller than, say, equivalent C program files. The flip side can be a performance penalty: scripting languages, often interpreted, may be significantly slower to execute and may consume more memory when running. In some cases, however, e.g. with small scripts of some tens of lines, the write-time advantage far outweighs the run-time disadvantage. Also, this argument gets stronger with rising programmer salaries and falling hardware costs.

However, the boundary between scripting languages and regular programming languages tends to be vague, and is blurring ever more with the emergence of new languages and integrations in this fast-changing area. In some scripting languages, an experienced programmer can accomplish a good deal of optimization if they choose. And in general, it is possible to write a script in any language (including C or assembly language). This is not recommended, however, for scripting languages whose interpreters are to be marketed, such as languages for macros or for web development.

Types of scripting languages

Job control languages and shells

Main article: Shell script

A major class of scripting languages has grown out of the automation of job control -- starting and controlling the behavior of system programs. Many of these languages' interpreters double as command line interfaces, such as the Unix shell or the MS-DOS COMMAND.COM. Others, such as AppleScript, add scripting capability to computing environments lacking a command-line interface.

4NT

AppleScript

ARexx (Amiga Rexx)

bash

csh

DCL (on OpenVMS)

JCL

ksh

cmd.exe (Windows, OS/2)

COMMAND.COM (DOS)

REXX

tcsh

Winbatch

Windows PowerShell

Windows Script Host

zsh

GUI Scripting

With the advent of Graphical user interfaces came a specialized kind of scripting language for controlling a computer. These languages interact with the same graphic windows, menus, buttons and such that a person does. They are typically used to automate repetitive actions or configure a standard state. In principle they could be used to control any application running on a GUI-based computer, but in practice the support for such languages depend on the application and operating system. Such languages are also called "macro languages" when the control is through keyboard interaction.

AutoHotkey

AutoIt

Expect

Automator (software)

Application-specific languages

Many large application programs include an idiomatic scripting language tailored to the needs of the application user. Likewise, many computer game systems use a custom scripting language to express the programmed actions of non-player characters and the game environment. Languages of this sort are designed for a single application and, while they may superficially resemble a specific general-purpose language (e.g. QuakeC, modeled after C) they have custom features which distinguish them.

Action Code Script

ActionScript

AutoLISP

BlobbieScript [1]

Emacs Lisp

Game Maker Language

HyperTalk

IPTSCRAE

IRC script

Lingo

Maya Embedded Language

mIRC script

NWscript

QuakeC

UnrealScript

Visual Basic for Applications

VBScript

ZZT-oop

Web programming languages

An important type of application-specific scripting language is one used to provide custom functionality to dynamic web pages. Such languages are specialized for web applications and other Internet uses . However, most modern web programming languages are powerful enough for general-purpose programming.

ColdFusion (Application Server)

IPTSCRAE-used by some internet groups for building forums.

JavaScript-used for adding interactive features to websites.

Lasso

Miva

PHP

SMX

XSLT

Text processing languages

The processing of text-based records is one of the oldest uses of scripting languages. Many, such as Unix's awk and, later, Perl, were originally designed to aid system administrators in automating tasks that involved Unix text-based configuration and log files. Perl is a special case -- originally intended as a report-generation language, it has grown into a full-fledged applications language in its own right.

AWK

Perl

sed

XSLT

General-purpose dynamic languages

Some languages, such as Perl, began as scripting languages but developed into programming languages suitable for broader purposes. Other similar languages -- frequently interpreted, memory-managed, dynamic -- have been described as "scripting languages" for these similarities, even if they are more commonly used for applications programming. They are usually not called "scripting languages" by their own users.

APL

Dylan

Groovy

MUMPS (M)

newLISP

Nuva

Perl

PHP

Python

Ruby

Scheme

Smalltalk

SuperCard

Tcl (Tool command language)

Extension/embeddable languages

A number of languages have been designed for the purpose of replacing application-specific scripting languages, by being embeddable in application programs. The application programmer (working in C or another systems language) includes "hooks" where the scripting language can control the application. These languages serve the same purpose as application-specific extension languages, but with the advantage of allowing some transfer of skills from application to application.

Ch (C/C++ interpreter)

ECMAScript a.k.a. DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript

EOS Scripting Language

GameMonkeyScript

Guile

ICI

Lua

Python

RBScript (REALbasic Script)

Squirrel

Tcl

Windows PowerShell

Z-Script

JavaScript began as and primarily still is a language for scripting inside of web browsers, however, the standardization of the language as ECMAScript has made it popular as a general purpose embeddable language. In particular, the Mozilla implementation SpiderMonkey is embedded in several environments such as the Yahoo! Widget Engine. Other applications embedding ECMAScript implementations include the Adobe products Adobe Flash (ActionScript) and Adobe Acrobat (for scripting pdf files).

Tcl was created as an extension language but has come to be used more frequently as a general purpose language in roles similar to Python, Perl, and Ruby.

Others

BeanShell (scripting for Java.)

CobolScript

Escapade (server side scripting)

Euphoria

F-Script

Ferite

Groovy

Gui4Cli

KiXtart

Mondrian

Object REXX

Pike

Pliant

REBOL

ScriptBasic

Shorthand Language

Simkin

Sleep

StepTalk

Visual DialogScript

KonsolScript

VergeC

Runescript (Exclusive Java Script made for the online game RuneScape.)

BAXIC

See also

Domain-specific programming language

Macro and preprocessor languages

Web template languages

External links

The Script Library : A collection of free scripts of many languages such as VBScript, Javascript, Powershell, Perl, Rexx, ASP.Net and others. Free submission makes this resource a steadily growing one

A study of the Script-Oriented Programming (SOP) suitability of selected languages – from The Scriptometer.

A Slightly Skeptical View on Scripting Languages by Dr. Nikolai Bezroukov

Scripting: Higher Level Programming for the 21st Century by John K. Ousterhout

Are Scripting Languages Any Good? A Validation of Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl against C, C++, and Java (PDF) — 2003 study

End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_language

Content derived from Wikipedia category for Scripting Languages

Category:Scripting languages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This category lists scripting programming languages.

Subcategories

There are 2 subcategories to this category shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages).

[+] Lua programming language

[+] Template engines

Pages in category "Scripting languages"

There are 118 pages in this section of this category.

Scripting language

Expect

AS/400 Control Language

AWK (programming language)

Action Code Script

ActionScript

Active Scripting

Almquist shell

Apache Rivet

AppleScript

AutoLISP

Bash

Batch file

BeanShell

Bistro (programming language)

Bourne shell

C shell

COFFEE (Cinema 4D)

COMMAND.COM

CheetahTemplate

Client-side scripting

Cmd.exe

CobolScript

CorbaScript

DG scripts

DIGITAL Command Language

DMDScript

DotOrg

EASY

ECMAScript

EEL (Extensible Embeddable Language)

Edge Side Includes

Escapade

F-Script (programming language)

FOCAL (programming language)

Formula language

Friendly interactive shell

Game Maker Language

Groovy (programming language)

G cont.

GNU Guile

HyperTalk

ICI (programming language)

Incremental compiler

Interactive Ruby Shell

JASS

JRuby

JScript

JavaScript

JavaScript OSA

JavaScript syntax

Job Control Language

Jython

Kid (Templating Language)

Kixtart

Korn shell

Lingo (programming language)

Lua (programming language)

MIIS Programming Language

MINC

MIRC script

MIVA Script

MUMPS

Maya Embedded Language

Meditech

Mobile development

Moto programming language

NWScript

Nevow

NewtonScript

PHP

PROC procedure language

Parser (programming language)

Perl

PerlScript

Pike (programming language)

Plua

Python (programming language)

Python 3

QuakeC

RBScript

REBOL

REXX

Revolution (development environment)

Rhino (JavaScript engine)

Ruby (programming language)

Runtime Revolution

SMX

Sed

Server Side Includes

Server-side scripting

Shell script

Shorthand Language

Simkin (language)

SketchUp Ruby

Sleep programming language

Squirrel (programming language)

StepTalk

Symbolic Stream Generator

TACL

TPU programming language

Tcl

Tcsh

Template engine

Template processor

The Scripter's Scrapbook

UnrealScript

VBScript

Versus programming language

Visual DialogScript

WMLScript

Web template

Web template system

Windows PowerShell

Work Flow Language

WxBasic

Z shell

ZZT-oop

Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Scripting_languages

End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Scripting_languages

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